2025. 3^rd Issue

Volume XVII, Number 3

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PAPERS FROM OPEN CALL

Balázs Vass
Spring: Theory and an Efficient Heuristic for Programmable Packet Scheduling with SP-PIFO
Theoretical hardware model Push-In First-Out (PIFO) is used for programmable packet scheduling, allowing for flexible and dynamic reconfiguration of scheduling policies. SP-PIFO (Strict Priority-PIFO), on the other hand, is a practical emulation of PIFO that can be easily implemented using standard P4 switches. The efficiency of SP-PIFO relies on a heuristic called Push-Up/Push-Down (PUPD), which dynamically adjusts the mapping of input packets to a fixed set of priority queues in order to minimize scheduling errors compared to an ideal PIFO. This paper presents the first formal analysis of the PUPD algorithm. Our analysis shows that as more priority queues are added to the system, the ability of PUPD to emulate an optimal PIFO model decreases linearly. Based on this finding, we propose an optimal offline scheme that can determine the optimal SPPIFO configuration in polynomial time, given a stochastic model of the input. Additionally, we introduce an online heuristic called Spring, which aims to approximate the offline optimum without requiring a stochastic input model. Our simulations demonstrate that Spring can improve the performance of SPPIFO by a factor of 2x in certain configurations.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.1
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Abdullah Aydeger, Sanzida Hoque, and Engin Zeydan
Challenges of DNS in the Post-Quantum Era: Improving Security with Post-Quantum TLS
The Domain Name System (DNS), an important component of the Internet infrastructure, is vulnerable to various attacks that can jeopardize the security and privacy of Internet communications. While DNS over TLS (DoT) is widely used to improve DNS security, the advent of quantum computing poses a significant threat to the underlying cryptographic algorithms used in TLS. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework for DNS over Post-Quantum TLS (DoPQT) to address this challenge. Our framework integrates post-quantum cryptographic algorithms into DoT, ensuring robust security against both classical and quantum attacks. We introduce a hybrid key exchange mechanism and post-quantum authentication procedures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of DNS traffic. DoPQT has the potential to offer comparable performance to existing solutions while demonstrating superior quantum resistance. This research contributes to the development of a secure and resilient DNS infrastructure in the post-quantum era. It has been observed that the handshake process is most affected by increased DNS queries and is the main source of the bottleneck. On the other hand, the percentage loss in throughput when using the PQC algorithm (i.e., MLKEM) is about 33-40% for different DNS queries. 

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.2
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Gergo Gyebnar
OSINT Based Recognized Cyber Picture
The Recognized Cyber Picture (RCP) is a critical NATO initiative aimed at enhancing situational awareness in the cyber domain by consolidating intelligence on cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and adversarial tactics. This study explores the feasibility of developing an RCP based on Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT), addressing the absence of publicly available implementations. Leveraging frameworks such as MITRE ATT&CK, methodologies like threat intelligence, weighted scoring model and detection as code concept. The research highlights how OSINT can complement classified data by identifying and prioritizing threats. Through targeted intelligence the study maps adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) to critical military operations. The findings underscore the importance of a scalable, resource-efficient RCP to counter increasingly sophisticated hybrid warfare threats effectively. The study also suggests onboarding and maintenance methodologies via cutting edge technology called Dete

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.3
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Ahmed S. Mohamed, and Eszter Udvary
Cost Model of Mode Division Multiplexing Bidirectional Transmission System
This paper presents a cost analysis and performance evaluation of a Mode Division Multiplexing (MDM) system with Power Over Fiber (PWoF) for bidirectional transmission, to support high-capacity data and centralized power distribution in mobile networks. Two configurations are proposed: an unsymmetrical Multicore Fiber (MCF) and a Double Clad Fiber (DCF). The MCF setup features separate data and power transmission cores, reducing inter-core crosstalk, while the DCF setup combines data and power within a single fiber to simplify deployment. A cost model is developed to compare the capital expenditures (CapEx) of each configuration, revealing an estimated cost of 322,000 Euros for the MCF system and 212,000 Euros for the DCF system. Given that MDM technology is still in the research phase, commercially available equipment is limited, contributing to high initial costs. However, similar to Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), the price of MDM is expected to decline over time as the technology matures. Additionally, both configurations leverage PWoF to centralize power generation at the Central Office (CO), enabling the use of renewable energy sources and supporting sustainable network infrastructure. This study highlights the potential of MDM with PWoF as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly solution for future high-capacity mobile networks.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.4
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Suresh Penchala, Shravan Kumar Bandari, and V.V. Mani
Improved Outage Probability using Multi-IRS-Assisted MIMO Wireless Communications in Cellular Blockage Scenarios
Future wireless communication technologies must be upgraded to serve the upcoming seamless data-intensive applications and support a minimum information rate. To this end, an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology was recently proposed as a viable solution to cover the uncovered regions with enhanced performance by means of a controlled wireless environment using multiple reflecting elements. In this paper, to elevate the end-user experience, we intend to improve the outage probability (OP) performance utilizing multiple IRS for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems under a generalized η–μ fading channel, which is suitable for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios. We derived a closed-form expression for OP and validated the same using a rigorous Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation setup under the considered system model. A comprehensive analysis of each system parameter impacting the likelihood that the communication channel supports the information rate has been detailed based on the number of IRSs, the number of reflecting elements, antenna count at transmitter and receiver, fading parameters, and the placement of IRSs. Results suggest that employing multiple IRSs reduces the outage scenarios in blockage zones, and further improvement can be observed with multiple antennas positioning the IRSs closer to either the transmitter or the receiver. Furthermore, we present an energy efficiency (EE) assessment for the multi-IRS system. 

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.5
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Zahraa Tagelsir, and Zsolt Kollár
Improving the Clipping-based Active Constellation Extension PAPR Reduction Technique for FBMC Systems
Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC) systems are known for their superior spectral efficiency and flexibility of the spectral shape. These benefits are challenged by the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and the Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of the modulated signal, degrading power amplifier efficiency and system performance, causing spectral leakage and increasing Bit Error Rate (BER). This paper investigates the possibility of improvement for clipping-based Active Constellation Extension (ACE) based PAPR reduction techniques for FBMC systems. A modified method is proposed, combining iterative clipping and enlipping. A dynamic Clipping Ratio (CR) selection method is provided to optimize the iterative process. The method also enhances the BER performance by leveraging an enlipping step to increase the transmit signal power. Furthermore, the complexity of the iterative process is reduced by applying efficient and low computational FBMC modulation and demodulation schemes. The simulation outcomes validate that the suggested method efficiently reduces PAPR, optimizes the CCDF and improves the BER performance. Furthermore, the proposed system complexity is also reduced compared to the previous solutions.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.6
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T. Ranjitha Devi, and Dr. C. Kamalnathan
Convolution Assisted Polar Encoder With Flexible Iterative Decoding For Forward Error Correction In Wireless Communication Incorporated In Fpga
The effectiveness of Forward Error Correction (FEC) approaches depends on the coding scheme and code length, which result in increasing processing latency and delay. Hence, a novel Convolution Assisted Polar Encoder with Flexible Iterative Decoding (CAPE-FID) is proposed to improve communication efficiency by reducing latency and retransmission. Existing approaches use longer block length codes for error correction and seamless communication, but it unnecessarily increases bits, affecting bandwidth and data rate. Hence, a novel Polarized Convolutional Encoder (PCE) is introduced, which uses Adaptive Frozen Polar Coding (AFPC) and Convolution coding to eliminate unnecessary high redundancy from the input data, improving both the useful data rate and the efficient use of available bandwidth. Existing CRC algorithms' lower-degree polynomials during divisional detection cause collisions, thus incorrectly identifying error-free data, causing overhead and affecting data transmission overall. Hence, a novel Flexible Turbo Decoder (FTD) is introduced, which uses Reed-Solomon Euclid (RSE) Code and Sequential Concatenated Turbo coding to reduce packet loss and improve data transmission quality and network congestion handling. Finally, the error-corrected data is decoded using Adaptive Polar Coding with reversed polarization transformation (APC-Rpt). The results show that the proposed method has improved efficiency and reduced retransmission rate, latency and error rates.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.7
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Gabriella Tóth
Improving Technical Reviews: Metrics, Conditions for Quality, and Linguistic Considerations to Minimize Errors
This paper presents a systematic methodology for evaluating the quality of technical reviews in software development, aiming to address the issue of ineffective reviews and their impact on product quality. The methodology, grounded in literature review, identifies key factors for highquality reviews, including planning, reviewer commitment, and meaningful feedback. It emphasizes linguistic clarity and accuracy, drawing lessons from the Therac-25 case, where poor documentation contributed to fatal accidents. The paper analyzes specific linguistic issues like negative structures, passive voice, and terminology, highlighting their impact on comprehension. The methodology's effectiveness is validated through a Lean Six Sigma project in a large software development company, resulting in significant improvements. These include a 60% improvement in the Technical Review Quality KPI, a 29% reduction in customer-reported faults related to reviews, and the elimination of TL9000 non-conformities. This case study demonstrates the practical applicability of the framework and its potential for significant impact. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of linguistic considerations in ensuring safer and more effective software products. Future research directions include extending the methodology to other types of artifacts and exploring textual analysis of reviewer feedback for deeper insights into the review process.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.8
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Levente Alekszejenkó and Tadeusz Dobrowiecki
Attitude-driven Simultaneous Online Auctions for Parking Spaces
Among various parking assignment methods, auction-based procedures have emerged as a relatively simple and flexible mechanism to solve parking assignment and parking pricing problems. In the present contribution, we extend the usual purely financial bidder objective function with a mixed utility that also involves the walking distance to parking lots. We demonstrate numerous interesting properties of the new parking scheme; some of them are provable analytically; while others are traceable in simulation. At the end of the paper, we also present some practically useful examples.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.9
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Gábor Árpá́d Németh
Model-based mutation testing for Finite State Machine specifications with MTR
In this article a model-based mutation testing technique has been introduced to a free and open-source modelbased testing framework. The approach utilizes test suites that are generated with various test generation algorithms. It is investigated how efficient the resulting test suites are killing different types of mutations and their respective complexity. Guidelines are proposed to select the appropriate test generation methods for each mutation operator type independently. Using the ability to define a target score, the wide range of mutation generation and test generation options, one can create an appropriate trade off between fault coverage and test execution complexity.

DOI: 10.36244/ICJ.2025.3.10
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